Which component helps in preventing vacuum pressure in a tank?

The air vent is essential in preventing vacuum pressure in a tank. When a tank is being emptied or when water levels drop, a vacuum can form inside the tank, which could cause structural damage or impede water flow. The air vent allows air to enter the tank and equalizes the pressure, preventing a potential vacuum state from occurring. This is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the tank and ensuring proper operation.

In contrast, the other components listed serve different functions. Electrodes are typically used for measuring water levels or conductivity, while an altitude valve manages the water level in tanks, and a surge tank is designed to mitigate pressure fluctuations in pipelines. However, none of these alternatives directly address the issue of vacuum pressure within the tank itself like the air vent does.